Questions and Answers: The Catcher in the Rye Essay

1.What occurred toward the start, center, and end? 2.Who are the characters in the story, and how right? Holden Caulfield †The hero and storyteller of the novel, Holden is a sixteen-year-old junior who has recently been removed for scholastic disappointment from a school called Pencey Prep. In spite of the fact that he is clever and delicate, Holden describes in a skeptical and fatigued voice. He finds the lip service and grotesqueness of his general surroundings practically intolerable, and through his criticism he attempts to shield himself from the torment and dissatisfaction of the grown-up world. Notwithstanding, the reactions that Holden focuses on individuals around him are additionally focused on himself. He is awkward with his own shortcomings, and now and again shows as much phoniness, unpleasantness, and triviality as any other individual in the book. As the novel opens, Holden stands balanced on the bluff isolating adolescence from adulthood. His failure to effectively arrange the gorge leaves him very nearly passionate breakdown. Ackley †Holden’s nearby neighbor in his dormitory at Pencey Prep. Ackley is a pimply, unreliable kid with horrendous dental cleanliness. He regularly bursts into Holden’s room and acts totally absent to Holden’s clues that he should leave. Holden accepts that Ackley makes up expound lies about his sexual experience. Stradlater †Holden’s flat mate at Pencey Prep. Stradlater is attractive, vain, and mainstream, yet Holden considers him a â€Å"secret slob,† in light of the fact that he shows up all around prepared, however his toiletries, for example, his razor, are disgustingly unclean. Stradlater is explicitly dynamic and very experienced for a private academy understudy, which is the reason Holden additionally considers him a â€Å"sexy bastard.† Jane Gallagher †A young lady with whom Holden invested a great deal of energy one summer, when their families remained in neighboring summer houses in Maine. Jane never really shows up in The Catcher in the Rye, however she is critical to Holden, on the grounds that she is one of only a handful not many young ladies whom he the two regards and finds appealing. Phoebe Caulfield †Phoebe is Holden’s ten-year-old sister, whom he adores beyond all doubt. Despite the fact that she is six years more youthful than Holden, she tunes in to what he says and comprehends him more than most others do. Phoebe is shrewd, perfect, and an awesome artist, and her immature honesty is one of Holden’s just steady wellsprings of bliss all through the novel. Now and again, she shows incredible development and even chastens Holden for his adolescence. Like Mr. Antolini, Phoebe appears to perceive that Holden is the cause all his own problems. Peruse an inside and out examination of Phoebe Caulfield. Allie Caulfield †Holden’s more youthful sibling. Allie bites the dust of leukemia three years before the beginning of the novel. Allie was a splendid, amicable, red-made a beeline for Holden, he was the most astute of the Caulfields. Holden is tormented by Allie’s demise and hauls around a mitt on which Allie used to compose sonnets in green ink. Sally Hayes †An extremely alluring young lady whom Holden has known and dated for quite a while. In spite of the fact that Sally is very much perused, Holden claims that she is â€Å"stupid,† despite the fact that it is hard to tell whether this judgment is situated in all actuality or just in Holden’s inner conflict about being explicitly pulled in to her. She is unquestionably more traditional than Holden in her preferences and habits. Mr. Spencer †Holden’s history educator at Pencey Prep, who fruitlessly attempts to shake Holden out of his scholarly lack of concern. Carl Luce †An understudy at Columbia who was Holden’s understudy guide at the Whooton School. Luce is three years more established than Holden and has a lot of sexual experience. At Whooton, he was a wellspring of information about sex for the more youthful young men, and Holden attempts to get him to discuss sex at their gathering. Mr. Antolini †Holden’s previous English instructor at the Elkton Hills School. Mr. Antolini now instructs at New York University. He is youthful, astute, thoughtful, and agreeable, and Holden regards him. Holden at times discovers him a piece excessively shrewd, however he seeks him for direction. In the same way as other characters in the novel, he drinks intensely. Peruse an inside and out examination of Mr. Antolini. Maurice †The lift administrator at the Edmont Hotel, who gets a whore for Holden. Radiant †The whore whom Holden enlists through Maurice. She is one of various ladies in the book with whom Holden cumbersomely endeavors to interface. D. B. Caulfield †Holden’s more seasoned sibling. D. B. composed a volume of short stories that Holden respects without question, yet Holden feels that D. B. whores his abilities by composing for Hollywood motion pictures. 3.Which ones changed? Clarify how the characters that changed. 4.Which ones remained the same? 5.What is the setting of the story? Does it stay steady? If not, list all settings. 6.What impact does the setting have on the story? (On the off chance that you changed the setting, how might the story change?)  · Holden starts his story in Pennsylvania, at his previous school, Pencey Prep. He at that point relates his experiences in New York City 7.If you needed to give this story an alternate a title, what might it be and why? 8.Find one spot in the content where the creator utilizes language in an intriguing manner. Clarify why it is fascinating.

Racial Profiling Essays (476 words) - Offender Profiling

Racial Profiling The United States is anything but a sound majority rules system The United States is anything but a sound majority rules system. An essential necessity for any solid majority rule government is its establishing on the fundamental rule that all men are made equivalent. This implies man is decided on the way that he is man, and just that. There are no different methods or variables brought into account. This isn't how men are decided in the United States. In the United States, ethnic and racial speculations frequently impact legal execution. The lawyer general's office of New Jersey itself discharged a 112 page fundamental report inferring that numerous officials might be unintentionally victimizing minorities in their enthusiasm to stop sedate dealers. This report depended on the discoveries of an examination on the strategies of New Jersey roadway watches and what standards they use in recognizing dubious drivers. Among their discoveries were that over a multi year time frame, eight out of each ten vehicles pulled over on a southern stretch of the new pullover road were minorities and 40% of all traffic stops by a multi month duration included minorities. Moreover, the police themselves concede that race is a factor by they way they conclude whom to stop and search. Yet, the issue isn't constrained to cops and their conduct; it grows into a government legal issue in which the profiling is considered protected. For the situation u.s. v. Weaver, the u.s. court of bids for the Eighth Circuit maintained the lawfulness of the official's activities in utilizing race as a factor (among others) in his choice to stop a potential medication dealer. Different courts have concurred with the Eighth Circuit that the constitution doesn't disallow utilizing race as a factor when they conclude who is a suspect, if this is accomplished for motivations behind law authorization and wrongdoing avoidance. Besides, there is no obvious end to this foul play sooner rather than later since state police administration has energized this racial profiling by giving trooper of the year grants to the individuals who make large medication captures and afterward neglecting to screen whether troopers are lopsidedly capturing minorities. To the credit of the police, it must be said that their activities, anyway sketchy, were finished with just the goals to maintain the law, as was additionally found in the lawyer general's report, that for the most part, the officials were not bigot and the captures were not racially persuaded, nor were their any cases of racial badgering documented against these equivalent officials. Considering every one of these realities, posting on numerous occasions how the individuals who are answerable for the maintaining of the constitution take a gander at residents, it is difficult to presume that the u.s. submits to the rule of correspondence. What's more, if this essential basis isn't met, there can be no sound vote based system. Lawful Issues

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation vs. Electroconvulsive Therapy

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation vs. Electroconvulsive Therapy Bipolar Disorder Treatment Print Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation vs. Electroconvulsive Therapy Both TMS and ECT can be used to treat severe depression By Marcia Purse Marcia Purse is a mental health writer and bipolar disorder advocate who brings strong research skills and personal experiences to her writing. Learn about our editorial policy Marcia Purse Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on June 24, 2019 Joe McNally / Hulton Archive / Getty Images More in Bipolar Disorder Treatment Medications Symptoms Diagnosis Dr. Kira Stein of the West Coast TMS Institute talks with author Andy Behrman about electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), a standard treatment for severe depression as well as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), another treatment for severe depression. Note that Dr. Stein is speaking of these two therapies potential utility in treatment-resistant major depression. However, ECT is also used to treat bipolar depression, mania, catatonia, and schizophrenia, using TMS for these conditions is considered off-label as it has not been approved by the FDA.   What Are ECT and TMS? Andy Behrman: How does TMS work differently from electroshock therapy (ECT)? What are the advantages of TMS over medication and ECT? Dr. Kira Stein: ECT works by applying direct electric currents to the patients head while they are sedated and immobilized, intentionally causing a therapeutic seizure in order to reset the brain. ECT is associated with short-term cognitive effects that often, but not always, preclude independent living during the period of time ECT is delivered. Other potential side effects of ECT include headache, muscle aches, nausea, transient changes in heart rate, blood pressure, and transient arrhythmias. Long-term memory deficits, although rare, are also a potential complication of ECT. As a result, ECT is rarely considered as a first, second, or even a third-line treatment, except for very aggressive and rapidly deteriorating cases of depression, or depressions that also have psychotic symptoms. The invasive nature and risks of ECT usually require patients to take a temporary leave from work and psychotherapy and employ caregivers or hospitalization. Unlike ECT, however, TMS does not involve the application of direct electrical currents to a patients head. TMS is designed to activate the brains healing process more gently by magnetically stimulating a very discrete part of the brain while avoiding global seizures and cognitive dysfunction. TMS involves few side effects, thereby enabling patients to remain awake and comfortable during treatments. Magnetic stimulation also enables patients to live independently, continue to go to work daily and to participate in remission-promoting activities such as psychotherapy and exercise. These ongoing pursuits are extremely difficult to do during a course of ECT, and many people feel ECT is too extreme for their level of depressive symptoms. Deciding Between TMS and ECT Andy Behrman: ECT has always been considered a last resort. Do you feel its the last stop in attempting to stabilize a patient with depression? Dr. Kira Stein: Every day we are learning new and better ways to treat depression. There is always hope, and I would never say that any treatment is a patients last stop. New psychotherapies, medications, brain stimulation techniques and even nutritional augmentations are developing all the time. Unfortunately, the oversimplification and stigmatization of ECT by the media has led treatment-resistant and severely depressed patients to reject it, even when the benefits of ECTs very robust 80 to 90 percent response rate and the potential for rapid action clearly outweigh the risks. ECT is a very valuable and appropriate option for patients suffering from extremely acute and dangerous cases of depression which either have not responded toâ€"or do not have the time to respond toâ€"medication, TMS, or other interventions. Andy Behrman: Should TMS ever be considered for patients who have not responded to ECT? Dr. Kira Stein: Yes, some people who have not responded to ECT have been shown to respond to TMS. How ECT and TMS Effect Your Brain Andy Behrman: The goal of medication is to alter brain chemistry. Is it fair to say that electrical or magnetic stimulation do the same thing? Dr. Kira Stein: It appears that medications, TMS, and ECT all ultimately cause changes in neurotransmitter levels and receptors, as well as increased levels of healing proteins such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). The prefrontal cortex is known to be the part of the brain with the highest level of abnormal connections in depression. It is thought that TMS and ECT normalize frontal lobe activity and connectivity with deeper brain structures. While the knowledge base about the effects of psychiatric treatments has grown in recent years, there is so much more we still have to learn.

A Report On The Hpv Vaccine - 858 Words

Kelsey Hearing Mrs. Simmons English 3H: 01 14 December 2015 Rough Draft/ HPV Shots, Shots, Shots Errybody Each year in the United States, about six million cases of the human papillomavirus (HPV) infection are diagnosed, and three-fourths of those cases are detected in young men and women between the ages fifteen to twenty-five (Ballaro). Luckily, this epidemic can easily be prevented by receiving an HPV vaccine. Despite the claim that the HPV vaccine was created just for profit, the HPV vaccine is an essential vaccine for preadolescent, adolescent, and young adults to receive in order to prevent HPV and the variety of cancers that it is known to cause. HPV is an infection that approximately twenty million Americans have, making it the†¦show more content†¦This vaccine was considered a break through due to the fact it was the first vaccine developed to fight against cancer. The HPV vaccine, commonly called Gardasil, only endured six months of testing before being approved. Typically, vaccines go through several years of evaluation be fore it is made available to the public. The research found that the vaccine is nearly 100% effective at its job; however, it only works when given prior to exposure to the illness (Ballaro). For this reason, it is recommended that people should receive the vaccine at age eleven or twelve. Originally, the vaccine was only available for women between the ages of eleven and twenty-six (Ballaro). This was most likely due to the fact that women are more susceptible to develop cancers from an HPV infection. In 2014, the vaccine was approved to be given to men between the ages of eleven and twenty-one (Frey). Men up to age twenty-six can receive the vaccine if their immune system is compromised or if they have had sex with another man as gay and bisexual men are 17 times more likely to develop a cancer from HPV than straight men. (Frey; McGill). The vaccine is given in three shots and all are essential to receive total protection. Another type of vaccine, Cervarix, was created in 2009 to prevent HPV types 16 and 18. Cervarix does not protect from genital wart like Gardasil does and it is only available for women (Frey). Both vaccines can save

Euthanasia Dying with Dignity Essay - 3326 Words

Euthanasia: Dying with Dignity Someday, a loved one may be faced with tough times or a terrible tragedy that leaves them in pain and agony for the rest of their life. It may not happen today, tomorrow, or even next month, but it is always a good idea to have a well thought out plan. A terminal illness could strike at any minute such as Lou Gehrig’s disease, or a car accident could leave someone paralyzed and miserable for the rest of their life. Permitting euthanasia would give the people the right to die with dignity and give them the option to not have to go through the pain, suffering, and stressful effects of a terminal illness. The Hippocratic Oath has been a major road block in legalizing the euthanasia process. Even though the†¦show more content†¦There is also non-voluntary euthanasia which is illegal worldwide because it is the termination of life in children. The third type of euthanasia is involuntary euthanasia, which World War Two brought about when the N azi’s built the death camps, also known as concentration camps. Auschwitz was one of the most common Concentration Camps known for the involuntary euthanasia usage. It is the voluntary euthanasia that has been around for centuries and has more support. Euthanasia was dated back to the fifth century BC to the first century AD when the Ancient Greeks and Romans supported the process. They only used it in cases where the person had prolonged pain and in complete agony. Even though there was a Hippocratic Oath, stating a doctor can do no harm, they still went through with the procedure at the request of the patient. As time went on through the Middle Ages, Christians showed more opposition in the area, so voluntary death became a very rare practice. Euthanasia was dropped after the fall of Rome. Thomas Aquinas’ arguments on suicide began to change opinions as well because it was his belief that life was God’s gift and suicide violates God’s authority over life. Centuries passed and decades have gone, the topic of euthanasia was still a tender topic. Ohio enters the years 1995 and 1996; the people tried to push a bill to legalize euthanasia in the state, but were turned down quickly. It was not until 1915 when Doctor HaiseldenShow MoreRelatedDying with Dignity (Euthanasia)2463 Words   |  10 PagesBy Valbona H.Bajrami Table of contents Introduction..................................................................................................................................3 History of euthanasia†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦............................................................................................................4 Medicine...................................................................................................................................5 Ethics.........................Read MoreLegalization Of Euthanasia Dying With Dignity1883 Words   |  8 Pages Hira Khan Instructor Vacca ENGL 1301 11/17/2014 Words: 1920 words Legalization Of Euthanasia-Dying With Dignity Have you ever come across a word that if uttered can shake your soul? Give you goosebumps and make you repent your sins? The five-letter word â€Å"Death† completely fits this description. Death is unpredictable and you never know when you might be isolated from the world and be buried in a graveyard, the dark and gloomy underground arena where hiddenRead MoreEuthanasia: Not Morally Acceptable Essay1646 Words   |  7 Pagesfollowing essay, I argue that euthanasia is not morally acceptable because it always involves killing, and undermines intrinsic value of human being. The moral basis on which euthanasia defends its position is contradictory and arbitrary in that its moral values represented in such terms as ‘mercy killing’, ‘dying with dignity’, ‘good death’ and ‘right for self-determination’ fail to justify taking one’s life. Introduction Among other moral issues, euthanasia emerged with modern medical advancementRead MoreEuthanasia Is The Termination Of A Person s Life813 Words   |  4 Pages1. Background In the societies around the world the term Euthanasia has been refuse during decades. Most of people have made their own opinion about it, based in not liable information like rumours or something that read in somewhere. The purpose of this report is give a brief explanation about Euthanasia, touching the main aspects such as classification, legal, ethical and religious aspects and human rights related with dying people in order to explain this term and allow each person to decide ifRead MoreEuthanasi The Procedure Of Euthanasia890 Words   |  4 PagesEuthanasia is generally misled in correlation to assisted physician suicide in which a person wants to end their suffering because of unbearable pain that they are experiencing but unable to function on doing so and no more hopes besides dying peacefully. Dees starts a complex process through a five steps articulation of the implementation of Euthanasia for the patient who is undergoing the process in which all five steps is within th e patient’s rights and their dignity for their advance directiveRead MoreEuthanasi A Gentle And Easy Death1240 Words   |  5 Pagesright and life? B. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, Euthanasia is â€Å"a gentle and easy death.† 1. Euthanasia is not suicide. Suicide is taking one’s own life because one does not want to live C. Today, I will go over the countries and states that allow Euthanasia, the types of Euthanasia and conditions that patients need to be under to pursue euthanasia, and if it is our rights to pursue euthanasia. I believe that Euthanasia (under strict conditions) should be legalized in all states becauseRead MoreEuthanasia And The Right Of Life And Euthanasia1558 Words   |  7 PagesTo speak of Right to Life and Euthanasia, first it should be defined by at least two notions: Euthanasia and the Right to Life, the first are definitions as those shown below: Some authors see that the concept or the notion of Euthanasia is too ambiguous, which can lead us to understand very different and even contradictory things. Let s refer to it: 1. A normed use: Death without physical suffering or which causes voluntarily Another use is the Factual painless death or death in a stateRead MoreEuthanasia Essays : Euthanasia And Euthanasia1432 Words   |  6 PagesDoes euthanasia assists patients to die with dignity? From fresh to dying, is the humanity multiplies the development natural law. Along with medicine progress and life enhancement, the people besides pay attention to eugenics, simultaneous starts to pay attention to the euthanasia. Since this century 50 ages, regarding euthanasia, many countries’ medical arenas, educational world, and ethical groups have been arguing about the euthanasia argument for many years, although many person of ideas haveRead MoreI Am Not A Supporter Of Euthanasia1481 Words   |  6 Pagesprognosis, I would like to have the option to die with dignity. Thesis Statement: A terminally ill person should have the option to die with dignity—something that is currently only afforded to the terminally ill in five U.S. states via aid in dying laws. Ethos While I am not someone on the front lines of this issue, I have been a supporter of death with dignity as well as have done some research on the topic. I am not a supporter of euthanasia, which is a crime, but I am a supporter of giving theRead Moreâ€Å"To Save A Man’S Life Against His Will Is The Same As Killing1616 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Oxford Dictionary Euthanasia is the painless killing of a patient suffering from an incurable and painful disease or in an irreversible coma. Euthanizing should be legal in all fifty states. The decision of being euthanized should solely be up to the patient and no one else. Euthanasia should not be seen as an easy way to escape living, but as a way to help relieve extreme pain, alleviate family of medical expenses, and allow patients to gain a sense of control and dignity before it is too late

Differentiating Organisms Using a Gram Stain Free Essays

Amanda Lab Report 1 Microbiology Laboratory Title – Differentiating Organisms using the Gram Stain Introduction The experiment conducted was based upon the known attributes of two different groups of bacteria, those that are gram positive, and those that are gram negative. Using a specific staining procedure, it is possible to differentiate the two types under a microscope The gram stain method of differentiation is possible because of differences in the cell membrane between the two categories of bacteria. Gram positive cells have an extra thick layer that is made of highly-crosslinked peptidoglycans, which impart different properties. We will write a custom essay sample on Differentiating Organisms Using a Gram Stain or any similar topic only for you Order Now This layer makes the cells less susceptible to decolorization by Ethyl Alcohol. Using this property, cells with a thinner peptidoglycan layer can be stained a different color than gram positive cells within a culture. The primary color is applied to the culture and imparts a purple color to all bacteria in your sample. Adding Gram’s iodine, a mordant used by the method’s namesake, makes the violet color more intense, and creates a bond with the primary stain that makes it less soluble. The third step is to add a decolorizing agent, Ethyl Alcohol. In gram negative cells the alcohol makes the outer cells porous, which allows the primary stain to be washed away. The gram positive cells have pores that are actually dried out by the alcohol, which makes the primary stain fix into the membrane, and not get washed away. The final stain is the counter stain that lends a different, pinkish color to the gram negative cells that have been washed of the primary stain. Methods The method used in this experiment was derived from Cappucino and Sherman (2011) as detailed in experiment 10 with substitutions for the unknown bacteria. Aseptic lab technique was followed. One slide of the #7 unknown bacteria and one slide which included both unknown #7 and unknown #2 were prepared using the following stain technique. The initial smears were made from broth cultures using a loop, air dried, and then heat fixed. The smears were covered with crystal violet stain and allowed to absorb for one minute, before gently rinsing with a controlled stream of water from a squeeze bottle. Next, Gram’s iodine was applied to the smears with a dropper and left to sit for one minute before rinsing with water. Next, the 95% Ethyl Alcohol mixture was dropped slowly onto each smear and allowed to run off until the alcohol appeared clear and then gently rinsed with water. Lastly in the staining procedure, Saffranin was dropped onto the smear until it was covered, for 45 seconds. The smears were rinsed with water final time, then placed between sheets of bibulous paper to dry. Each smear was viewed under the light microscope using oil immersion at 1000x magnification. These smears were compared to smears prepared in the same fashion, of the known bacteria E. coli, B. cereus, S. ureus, and a mixed smear containing both E. coli and S. aureus. Results Experiment 10 Observations Bacteria| E. coli| B. cereus| S. aureus| Mixture of E. coli and S. aureus| RepresentativeField| | | | | Shape| Bacillus| Bacillus| Cocci| Cocci, Bacilli| Arrangement| Single, some clustered by the stain| Strepto| Variable, mostly staph| cluster| Cell Color| pink| purple| purple| Purple/pink| Gram Reaction| -| +| +| +/-| Un known Bacteria Observations Name| Unknown #7| Unknown #2| Mixed Field| Representative Field| | | | Shape| Bacillus| cocci| Bacillus/Cocci overlap| Arrangement| Strepto| staph| cluster| Cell Color| Purple| purple| Purple| Gram Reaction| +| +| +| * Table 1 shows how the three different cells were observed after staining. The only pink and gram negative bacteria were the E. coli which were rod shaped and collected in a strepto arrangement. Bacillus cereus was purple in color, appeared rod shaped characteristic of bacilli and was gram positive, appearing purple as expected. The other gram positive and purple bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus were spherical in shape, and clustered into large groups with some lone cocci visualized. The mixture in Table 1 showed a good contrast between the pink rods of E. coli and the purple circles of S. aureus. * Table 2 shows Unknown # 7 as a rod shaped, chain forming, purple bacteria. Unknown #7 was visualized as a clustering purple, spherical organism. Both appeared gram +. The mixture of the two showed the same shapes, but in this case the rods and spheres tended to cluster and were more difficult to observe as they were the same color. But rods and spheres could be clearly discerned upon careful examination. Table 1 served as a control for table 2, as each the unknowns in Table 2 were going to be one of the Table 1 organisms, barring contamination. If a bacteria was visualized in Table 2’s data that was not present in Table 1, there was an obvious error which could be corrected by redoing the slides. The information for Table 2 came from observations on Thursday following the original day for the unknowns on Tuesday, as we observed contamination on the slides from gram negative bacteria that should not have been present with gram positive stains. Discussion B. cereus and S. aureus appeared purple upon observation through the microscope. This is consistent with knowledge about the two bacteria that indicate they are gram positive bacteria. The purple coloration means that their outer layers are of the more highly cross linked type with more peptidoglycan, which gives their cell membrane shape and firmer structure. This also makes the membranes open to dehydration without weakening. When the decolorizing agent was applied in this experiment, the cell walls of the gram positive organisms shrank up, not allowing the primary stain to leave. They remained purple even after treatment with Saffranin. E. coli’s outer layer also has peptidoglycan but it is much thinner, and surrounded by lipids. When the decolorizing agent was applied to the slide containing this bacteria, it’s membrane let the stain wash easily out of the thin membrane. The saffranin as the second stain was then picked up easily, giving the E. oli a pink shade. The results of the study show that unknown # 7substance was B. cereus. The purple color and gram positive reaction ruled out E. coli as the identity of the unknown. Rods arranged in strips were observed in the unknown # 7, so B. cereus became the leading contender. When unknown #2 and unknown # 7 were mixed, a contrast between the rods and spheres could be observed, which made it clear that unknown #7 showed a clear bacilli structu re. Contamination on Tuesday of the experiment led to misleading results. Because unknown #2 had been visualized as purple cocci, and unknown #7 had been visualized as purple bacilli, when unknown #2 and unknown # 7 were mixed, it was unclear as to what the pink gram negative bacteria appearing in the slide were. The pink bacteria clung to the purple bacteria in the slide. It was decided that the unknown #2 had been mixed up with another unknown during testing, or the aseptic technique had been compromised. The unknowns were heat fixed and stained a second time, visualized individually and in a mix . The final results were unambiguous. It is unclear whether the gram-negative bacteria were E. coli or another gram negative bacterium as the pink structures were behind the purple structures in the slide and were very translucent. It also possible the pink bacteria were a result of decolorizing the bacteria for too long with ethyl alcohol during the staining process, or the pink bodies were contaminant material and not cells at all which happened to take on the Saffranin stain by chance. Literature Cited Cappuccino, J. G. , and N. Sherman (2011) Microbiology: A Laboratory Manual. Pearson Benjamin Cummings (San Francisco). How to cite Differentiating Organisms Using a Gram Stain, Papers

Osmosis Jones Penetrating the Membrane Essays - Chemistry

Osmosis Jones: Penetrating the Membrane By Emma Nicholas Jeffrey O'Hara First Lab Report 40811 Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday at 12:45pm-3:45pm July 17, 2013 Theresa Gburek Abstract: The objectives in the osmosis lab include the following; how concentration gradients influence the direction of net water flow during osmosis. Also, how a selectively permeable membrane allows selective diffusion of various substances. In addition, how to create serial dilutions for use in laboratory experiments. Lastly, how to generate hypotheses and test them experimentally. The methods used in this lab include the creation of dilutions and the preparation of dialysis tubing. An important part of this experiment is the use of solutions with known concentrations of solute. Dialysis tubing is a kind of membrane that allows water to pass through it, which lets us observe osmosis in action. The results are presented in a graph displaying the gradual increase of weight throughout the osmosis experiment with the exception of a malfunctioned dialysis tubing in which case a portion of the experiment was disrupted. Concluding that throughout osmosis the weight of the bag increases becaus e of the exchange of molecules between the membrane and surrounding water. Introduction: Living organisms are made up predominantly of water. Proteins, sugars and many other biologically important molecular are dissolved in this solvent. Plasma membranes, however, are made up of lipids, which are hydrophobic. Thus, the plasma membrane is able to compartmentalize cells and organelles in an aqueous environment. It is, however, selectively permeable: some substances can flow freely across the membrane, some require assistance, and some cannot cross it at all. Transport proteins help move some molecules through membranes. Diffusion is the simplest form of flow across membranes. Osmosis is the form of diffusion in which water, not the solutes dissolved in it, flow across the membrane. During the time lapse of this experiment, questions and hypotheses were either asked and or addressed. (E.g.) Temperature, viscosity and concentration gradients will affect the rate at which molecules move across a membrane. However, what happens when the solutes reach equilibrium? What are the differences between hyper- and hypotonic solutions? What happens when two solutions have the same concentration? Our hypothesis on osmosis is as follows; increased concentration gradient will change water flow due to osmosis. "Many desalination plants around the world rely on reverse osmosis membranes, which enable water molecules to separate from brine with the application of power" (Winters, 2010). "RO [reverse osmosis] can treat for a wide variety of health and aesthetic contaminantsRO [reverse osmosis] also can be effective for treating health contaminants such as arsenic, asbestos, atrazine (herbicides/pesticides), fluoride, lead, mercury, nitrate and radium" (Harrison, 2006). Materials and Methods: For this experiment, the following materials are required, sucrose, 4 15cm lengths of dialysis tubing, 8 10cm pieces of waxed dental floss, 4 400mL beakers, 25mL graduated cylinder, tags, ring stand, wax pencil, balance, distilled water, scissors and compound microscope. The procedure for this experiment begins with obtaining the required materials (which are listed above). First step is to tie one end of the dialysis tubing with the waxed dental floss. Then prepare the sucrose solution that will fill the dialysis tubing. Measure out the amount of sugar using a balanced scale, adding the appropriate amount of sugar in the solution to obtain the desired sucrose content. Before beginning the test, mix up a 0% solution, 15% sucrose solution, 30% sucrose solution and a 90% sucrose solution. Then fill four different dialysis tubing with the prepared sucrose solutions, and then tie off the top. Weigh each tube before the experiment. Place each of the filled tubing into the corresponding labeled beaker. After the passing of 5 minutes, remove each bag from its beaker, then weigh and record the weight changes. Repeat this step for the next 30min. In this experiment the independent variable is the percentage of sucrose solution. Decreasing and increasing the percentage of sucrose altered this variable. The dependent variable is the weight of the tubing contents. During our osmosis lab, there was no positive control. However, our negative control was the dialysis tubing filled with only water (i.e.) 0% sucrose solution. Results: The Y-axis represents the amount of grams each tube weighed. The X-axis represents the time at which the bags were weighed. This represents the recorded quantitative